Ruby的内部类结构

Array.class # => Class
Class.class # => Class

superclass 查看父类

Array.superclass # =>Object
Object.superclass # =>BasicObject
BasicObject.superclass # => nil

ancestors 查看当前类的继承链

Array.ancestors # => [Array, Enumerable, Object, Kernel, BasicObject]

Method Finding 方法查找

# class structure, method finding
class User
  def panels
    @panels ||= ["Profile", "Products"]
  end
end
class Admin < User
end
puts Admin.ancestors
admin = Admin.new
p admin.panels
# 从下往上查找 在admin中查找 找不到往上找User 然后Object 然后Kernel 然后 BasicObject

Method Overwrite 方法覆盖

  1. class和module可以重新打开
  2. 方法可以重定义
# 重新打开class
class User
  def panels
    @panels ||= ["Profile", "Products"]
  end
end
class User
  def panels
    "overwrite"
  end
end
puts User.ancestors
admin = User.new
p admin.panels
# 从下往上查找 在admin中查找 找不到往上找User 然后Object 然后Kernel 然后 BasicObject

# overwrite and re-open
class Array
  def to_hello_word
    "hello #{self.join(", ")}"
  end
end
a = %w[cat horse dog]
puts a.to_hello_word

# overwrite and re-open
a = %w[cat horse dog]
puts a.join(",")
class Array
  def join
    "hello"
  end
end
puts "-" * 30
puts a.join

Module

Array.ancestors # => [Array, Enumerable, Object, Kernel, BasicObject]
Enumerable.class # => Module
Module.class # => Class

# module acts linke a class
module Management
  def company_notifies
    "company_notifies from management"
  end
end
class User
  include Management
  def company_notifies
    puts super
    "company_notifies from user"
  end
end
p User.ancestors
puts "-" * 30
user = User.new
puts user.company_notifies

# module included sequence
module Management
  def company_notifies
    "company_notifies from management"
  end
end
module Track
  def company_notifies
    "company_notifies from track"
  end
end
class User
  include Management
  include Track
  def company_notifies
    puts super
    "company_notifies from user"
  end
end
p User.ancestors
puts "-" * 30
user = User.new
puts user.company_notifies

# 1 module included in module
# 2 module acts as class
module Management
  def company_notifies
    "company_notifies from management"
  end
end
module Track
  include Management
  def company_notifies
    puts super
    "company_notifies from track"
  end
end
p Track.ancestors
puts "-" * 30
include Track
puts company_notifies

# module"s class method
module Management
  def self.progress
    "progress"
  end
  # you need to include/extend/prepend to use this metod
  def company_notifies
    "company_notifies from management"
  end
end
puts Management.progress

include vs prepend

  1. include 把模块注入当前类的继承链(祖先链) 后面
  2. prepend 把模块注入当前累的继承链(祖先链) 前面
# module include
# include
module Management
  def company_notifies
    "company_notifies from management"
  end
end
class User
  prepend Management
  # include Management
  def company_notifies
    "company_notifies from user"
  end
end
p User.ancestors
puts "-" * 30
user = User.new
puts user.company_notifies

include和exten方法

当模块被include时会被执行，同事会传递当前作用于的self对象

# included method
module Management
  def self.included base
    puts "Management is being included into #{base}"
    base.include InstanceMethods
    base.extend ClasMethods
    module InstalceMethods
      def company_notifies
        "company_notifies from management"
      end
    end
    module Classethods
      def progress
        "progress"
      end
    end
  end
end
class User
  include Management
end
puts "-" * 30
user = User.new
puts user.company_notifies
puts "-" * 30
puts User.progress