Block 代码块

  1. Block是一个参数
  2. 匿名参数
  3. Callback
  4. 使用do/en或者{}来定义
{puts "hello"}

Demo:

# block usage
def hello
    puts "hello method start"
    yield
    yield
    puts "hello method end"
end
hello {puts "i am in block"}
#output
hello method start
i am in block
i am in block
hello method end


# yield with parameter
def hello
    puts "hello method start"
    yield("hello","world")
    puts "hello method end"
end
hello {|x,y| puts "i am in block,#{x} #{y}"}
#output
hello method start
i am in block,hello world
hello method end

# yield with paramter
def hello name
    puts "hello method start"
    result = "hello " + name
    yield(result)
    puts "hello method end"
end
hello("world"){|x| puts "i am in block,i got #{x}"}
#output
hello method start
i am in block,i got hello world
hello method end

# build in methods
["cat", "dog","frog"].each do |animal|
    puts animal
end
puts "-" * 30
["cat","dog","frog"].each{|animal| puts animal}
#output
cat
dog
frog
------------------------------
cat
dog
frog


# build in methods
10.times do |t|
    puts t
end
puts "-" * 30
("a".."d").each { |char| puts char}
#output
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
------------------------------
a
b
c
d

# varibale scope
# before ruby2.0
x = 1
[1, 2, 3].each { |x| puts x}
puts x # => x will be 3,which is incorrect
#output
1
2
3
1
如果是在ruby2之前的版本 那么外部的变量x会被改变

# varibale scope
# 如果是2.0版本之后 puts x会报错
sum = 0
[1, 2, 3].each { |x| sum += x}
puts sum
# puts x
#output
6

# block return value
class Array
    def find
        each do |value|
            return value if yield (value)
        end
        nil
    end
end
puts [1, 2, 3].find { |x| x == 2 }
#output
2

# block as named parameter
def hello name, &block
    puts "hello #{name}, from method"
    block.call(name)
end
hello("world") {|x| puts "hello #{x} form block"}
#output
hello world, from method
hello world form block

# yield with parameter
def hello
    puts "hello method start"
    yield("hello","world")
    puts "hello method end"
end
hello {|x,y| puts "i am block ,#{x},#{y}"}
#output
hello method start
i am block ,hello,world
hello method end

# block_given?
def hello
    if block_given?
        yield
    else
        puts "hello from method"
    end
end
hello
puts "-" * 30
hello {puts "hello from block"}
#output
hello from method
------------------------------
hello from block

# block can be closure
def counter
    sum = 0
    # 代码库接收了一个参数x 如果x没有定义那么x为1 然后 sum +=x
    proc {|x| x = 1 unless x; sum +=x }
end
c2 = counter
puts c2.call(1) #1
puts c2.call(2)
puts c2.call(3)
# 这里 closure 为闭包
#
#output
1
3
6

# new method to create block
# name is required
hello = -> (name){"hello #{name}"}
puts hello.call("world")
puts "-" * 30
# name is required
hello3 = lambda {|name| "hello #{name}"}
puts hello3.call("world")
puts "-" * 30
hello2 = proc {|name| "hello #{name}"}
puts hello2.call
puts hello2.call("world")
# lambda和proc区别 proc可以不传参数 lambda 更像是一个方法，必须传递参数
#output
hello world
------------------------------
hello world
------------------------------
hello
hello world

Exceptions 异常

All Exception inherited from Exception Class

所有异常都继承自Exception类

常见Exception

  1. StandardError
  2. SyntaxError
  3. RuntimeError
  4. ArgumentError
  5. NameError
  6. etc.

ruby抓取Exception

# exception
def hello name
    raise name #抛出异常
end
hello # =>ArgumentError
hello("world") # =>RuntimeError

# exception catch
def hello
    raise
end
begin
    hello
rescue RuntimeError
    puts "got it"
end

# exception catch
def hello
    raise
end
begin
    hello
rescue => e #出现异常捕获给e
    puts "catch exception with name :#{e.class}"
else #没有发生异常
    # ...
ensure #确保不论有没有发生异常
    # ...
end